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倭国が電子業界 1位で押し寄せたわけ

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56858 JA Lv 3

[倭国が電子業界 1位で押し寄せたわけ]

By RICHARD KATZ, The Wall Street Journal

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304724404577297102672086074.html

日本電子産業界に対する悪い消息なしに経つ日が一日もない位だ. キヤノンみたいないくつかの企業は例外だが業界大物企業らは現会計年度に 170億ドルの損失を見ることと予想される. S&Pはソニ−とシャープに対する信用等級を BBB+路下方修正した. ジャンク(投資非適格) 等級とやっと二つの段階車だ.


Agence France-Presse/Getty Images
The first Sony Walkman went on sale in 1979. .企業経営陣たちは円高せいにしたがこれはエゴイスチックな言い訳に過ぎない. 最近円の高い名目上価値はどうしてソニ−が (円弱気期を含んだ) 去る 8年連続 TV部門で損失を被ったのかに大韓説明になれない. またどうしてトランジスターラジオ, ウォークマン, CD, VCR などの革新的な製品を作った企業がもうアイディアが枯渇したように見えるかに対する説明もなれない.

去る 10年間日本電子業界の墜落は息が詰まりそうだ. 2000‾2010年の間製品生産は 41% 下落したし, 輸出は 27%, そして貿易黒字は 68%や墜落した. (中国の影響を避けるため) 高所得 OECD 国々のみを相手で輸出をよく見た結果日本電子製品の世界マーケットーシェアは 1996年の 19%でほとんど半分や減った 10%だった. 同期間ドイツは 8%から 11%で, 韓国は 6%から 9.2%で増加した.

直接的な原因は水準未達の製品戦略だ. 日本企業と政府はハーバード教授であるマイケルポーターの二つ重要な教えるに耳を傾けなかった. 一番目は国家経済が円熟されるによって競争上の利点を牛耳る源泉も変わるというのだ. どの瞬間には豊かな熟練勤労者層, 安っぽい資本, そして価格が競争を牛耳るが後には製品革新と加工で取り替えられる. 二番目は戦略を立てる時どんな製品を作らなければならない重要だがどんな製品を作ってはいけない思わなければならないというのだ.


日本企業らはこんな教えることを拒否したまま製品革新ではなく安っぽい資本と製造力をおいて三星みたいな後発走者たちと競争しようと思ったのだ. そしてたとえ以前には世界を制覇したがこれからは年が経つほど損失だけ見る製品を続いて作ったのだ. 日本電子業界が生産する製品の 40%は相変らず消費者オーディオ-ビデオ製品と半導体だ.

それに企業や製品が失敗した時日本の通常的な解決策は合併だ. 時には政府資金まで動員される. ‘失敗した企業三つの所を合併すれば規模の経済に即して一つの成功的な企業が誕生する’が理論的根拠だった. 先月破産申し込みをする前には日本最大 DRAM チップ製造社だったエルピダはこの失敗したコンセプトの典型的な事例だ. 日立, NEC, (以後) 三菱の DRAM 事業部門で噴射して出た企業だからだ.

一般商品化されたチップ市場からすり抜けて来るのに失敗しながら, 世界上位 20個半導体製造社の中日本企業のマーケットーシェアは1990年の 55%で 2010年には 24%まで小くなった. 日本はたびたび三星を咎めるものの実際に同期間アメリカ企業のマーケットーシェアは 31%から 51%で大きくなった. インテルとテキサスインストルメンツみたいな企業の新しい標準になるに値する革新的な製品に力を注ぐために価格が核心であるチップ事業で手をテッギのためだ.

現在日本で生産される電子製品の 77%はほとんどが違う会社製品に使われる部品及び構成要素だ. しかしアップルのアイパッや子供パッド, 三星のアンドロイドスマトホンを原価分類して見れば部品製造社ではない製品製造社がお金を儲けるという事実が分かる. 日本企業らはアップル, インテル, マイクロソフトを相手に競争しなければならない時に三星を相手に競争しているのだ.

オーディオ-ビデオ時代に続いて革新的な製品を作り上げた日本企業の技術と精神はデジタル時代に来て崩れた. PCでも, スマトホンやソフトウェアでも, 日本企業はもうこれ以上先頭走者ではない.

一部原因は日本 企業構造の 速成にある. ノベル経済学上受賞者でもあった心理学者ダニエルカネだけはどうしてどんな企業らが旬の間プログラムをずっといかしておくためにお金を使って, その結果新しいプログラムに使うお金が不足な状況をもたらすのか説明する. 彼はこんな企業をお金を失いながらも失ったお金を取り返しするまで賭博版を去ることができないゲムブルロに比喩する. こんな企業の社長は自分が席を移すまで損失が現われないようにする.

ここがすぐアメリカと日本の企業構造差がいくら大きい結果的差を持って来るかどうかが変わる部分だ. アメリカの場合新技術は普通旧技術にどんな金銭的, 感情的未練がない新生企業たちが主導する. TVや中間規模コンピューター時代を導いた企業らはもうこれ以上存在しない. 現在上位 21位アメリカ電子会社の中 8ヶ所は 1970年には存在しなかったし 6ヶ所は 10年前にはフォーチュン 500に入るには規模が小さすぎる会社だった.

一方日本の場合半世紀が過ぎる時間の間上位圏に新たに進入した新生企業は一つもない. 新技術が浮び上がればパナソニック, ソニ−, シャープ, 富士通, NCE みたいな企業が部署を新たに作る. そして過去と未来の間に挟まって ‘創造的破壊’を引き延ばさせる.

自動車みたいな特定業界では日本式接近法が優勢だろうか分からないがデジタル家電のように急速に変化する分野では通じない接近法だ. 東京にあるアップルストアにどれだけ多い日本若者達が追われるのか一度見ろ. 反対にソニ−ストアにはいくら少ないかも言葉だ.

What¥"s Killing Japanese Electronics?
The country¥"s once-mighty industry has the wrong corporate model for the future.

By RICHARD KATZ, The Wall Street Journal

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304724404577297102672086074.html


Hardly a day goes by without bad news for the Japanese electronics industry. With a few notable exceptions, such as Canon, the titans of the industry are projected to hemorrhage $17 billion in red ink in the current fiscal year. S&P has lowered its credit rating on Sony and Sharp to BBB+, just two notches above junk status.

Electronics executives are quick to blame the strong yen. But that is a self-serving excuse, not a reason. The recent high nominal value of the yen doesn¥"t explain why Sony lost money on TVs for the past eight years in a row - including when the yen was weak. Nor why the firms which gave us the transistor radio, the Walkman, the CD and the VCR seem to have run out of ideas.

The plunge in the past decade is nothing short of breathtaking. From 2000-10, Japan¥"s electronics production plummeted 41%, exports tumbled 27% and the sectoral trade surplus dove 68%. Counting only exports by high-income OECD countries (to avoid the impact of China and the like), Japan¥"s global market share of electronics goods and services exports almost halved to 10% in 2009 from 19% in 1996. In the same period, Germany¥"s share rose to 11% from 8% and Korea¥"s rose to 9.2% from 6%.

The immediate cause of the problem is bad product strategy. Japanese firms and the government failed to heed two big lessons taught by Harvard Professor Michael Porter. First, as countries mature, their sources of competitive advantage change. At one point, abundant skilled labor and cheap capital and price are keys to competitiveness. Later on, innovation in products and processes becomes pivotal. Secondly, strategy is not just about what products to offer, it¥"s also about what products not to offer.

Rejecting these lessons, Japanese firms tried to compete with newcomers like Samsung on the basis of cheap capital and manufacturing prowess instead of product innovation. They kept producing formerly world-beating products that now lose money year after year. Forty percent of Japan¥"s electronics output still consists of consumer audio-video products and semiconductors.

The first Sony Walkman went on sale in 1979. Moreover, when firms or products failed, Japan¥"s answer was mergers, sometimes aided by government money. The theory was that putting three losers together would turn them into one winner due to economies of scale. Elpida, Japan¥"s largest maker of DRAM chips before it filed for bankruptcy last month, was the epitome of this failed concept. It was formed out of the DRAM divisions of Hitachi, NEC and (later) Mitsubishi.

Failure to exit from the market for commoditized chips caused the Japanese market share among the world¥"s top 20 semiconductor producers to halve to 24% in 2010 from 55% in 1990. Japanese often blame Samsung, but the real news is that the U.S. share rose to 51% from 31% over the same period because firms like Intel and Texas Instruments abandoned commoditized products where price is key in order to concentrate on must-have products that set the standard.

Seventy-seven percent of Japan¥"s entire electronics output now consists of parts and components that often go into other firms¥" products. Yet a cost breakdown of Apple¥"s iPod or iPad or Samsung¥"s Android smartphone shows that the real money does not go to the parts producers but to the product inventors. Japanese firms are competing against Samsung when they should be competing against Apple, Intel and Microsoft.

Skills and mindsets that enabled Japan to create one revolutionary product after another in the audio-video era have failed in the digital era. Whether it¥"s PCs, smartphones or software, Japanese firms no longer lead the way.

Part of the reason lies in the nature of the corporate system in Japan. Daniel Kahneman, a psychologist who won the Nobel Prize in economics, explains why some firms spend money keeping bad programs on life support, leaving insufficient capital for new ones. Firms in all countries often act like losing gamblers, Mr. Kahneman argues, who won¥"t leave the table until they have made up their losses. And the executive in charge gets to delay the loss from showing up until he has moved on.

This is where the difference between American and Japanese corporate structures has big consequences. In the U.S., emerging technologies are usually championed by new firms that have no financial or emotional stake in the old technology. Most of the firms that led in the era of TVs or mid-range computers no longer even exist. Among the top 21 electronics manufacturers in the U.S. today, eight did not exist in 1970 and just a decade ago, six were too small to be in the Fortune 500.

By contrast, in Japan, there has been no new entrant into the top ranks of electronics manufacturing for more than half a century. When a new technology arises, firms like Panasonic, Sony, Sharp, Fujitsu or NEC create a new division. So the firm waffles between the past and the future, slowing creative destruction.

In certain industries, like autos, the Japanese approach may prove superior, but not in the rapidly changing world of digital electronics. Just take a look at how many young Japanese flock to the Apple stores in Tokyo and how few linger in the Sony stores.

Mr. Katz is editor of the semi-weekly Oriental Economist Alert.

翻訳を見る

왜국이 전자업계 1등에서 밀려난 까닭

[왜국이 전자업계 1등에서 밀려난 까닭]

By RICHARD KATZ, The Wall Street Journal

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304724404577297102672086074.html

일본 전자산업계에 대한 나쁜 소식 없이 지나는 날이 하루도 없을 정도다. 캐논 같은 몇몇 기업은 예외지만 업계 거물급 기업들은 현 회계연도에 170억 달러의 손실을 볼 것으로 예상된다. S&P는 소니와 샤프에 대한 신용등급을 BBB+로 하향조정했다. 정크(투자 부적격) 등급과 겨우 두 단계 차이다.


Agence France-Presse/Getty Images
The first Sony Walkman went on sale in 1979. .기업 경영진들은 엔화 강세 탓으로 돌렸지만 이는 이기적인 변명에 지나지 않는다. 최근 엔화의 높은 명목상 가치는 왜 소니가 (엔화 약세기를 포함한) 지난 8년 연속 TV부문에서 손실을 입었는지에 대한 설명이 될 수 없다. 또한 왜 트랜지스터 라디오, 워크맨, CD, VCR 등의 혁신적인 제품을 만들었던 기업이 이젠 아이디어가 고갈되어 보이는지에 대한 설명도 될 수 없다.

지난 10년간 일본 전자업계의 추락은 숨이 막힐 지경이다. 2000~2010년 사이 제품 생산은 41% 하락했고, 수출은 27%, 그리고 무역 흑자는 68%나 곤두박질쳤다. (중국의 영향을 피하기 위해) 고소득 OECD 국가들만을 상대로 수출을 살펴본 결과 일본 전자제품의 세계 시장점유율은 1996년의 19%에서 거의 절반이나 줄어든 10%였다. 같은 기간 독일은 8%에서 11%로, 한국은 6%에서 9.2%로 증가했다.

직접적인 원인은 수준 미달의 제품 전략이다. 일본 기업과 정부는 하버드 교수인 마이클 포터의 두 가지 중요한 가르침에 귀를 기울이지 않았다. 첫번째는 국가 경제가 원숙해짐에 따라 경쟁상의 이점을 좌우하는 원천도 변한다는 것이다. 어느 순간에는 풍부한 숙련 근로자층, 값싼 자본, 그리고 가격이 경쟁을 좌우하지만 나중에는 제품 혁신과 가공으로 대체된다. 두번째는 전략을 세울 때 어떤 제품을 만들어야 하느냐도 중요하지만 어떤 제품을 만들지 말아야 하느냐도 생각해야 한다는 것이다.


일본 기업들은 이런 가르침을 거부한 채 제품 혁신이 아니라 값싼 자본과 제조력을 놓고 삼성 같은 후발주자들과 경쟁하려 했던 것이다. 그리고 비록 이전에는 세계를 제패했으나 이제는 해가 갈수록 손실만 보는 제품을 계속해서 만들었던 것이다. 일본 전자업계가 생산하는 제품의 40%는 여전히 소비자 오디오-비디오 제품과 반도체다.

게다가 기업이나 제품이 실패했을 때 일본의 통상적인 해결책은 합병이다. 때로는 정부 자금까지 동원된다. ‘실패한 기업 세 곳을 합병하면 규모의 경제에 입각해 하나의 성공적인 기업이 탄생한다’가 이론적 근거였다. 지난달 파산신청을 하기 전에는 일본 최대 DRAM 칩 제조사였던 엘피다는 이 실패한 컨셉의 전형적인 사례다. 히타치, NEC, (이후) 미츠비시의 DRAM 사업부문에서 분사해 나온 기업이기 때문이다.

일반상품화된 칩 시장에서 빠져나오는데 실패하면서, 세계 상위 20개 반도체 제조사 가운데 일본 기업의 시장점유율은1990년의 55%에서 2010년에는 24%까지 작아졌다. 일본은 종종 삼성을 탓하지만 실제로 같은 기간 미국 기업의 시장 점유율은 31%에서 51%로 커졌다. 인텔과 텍사스 인스트루먼트 같은 기업이 새로운 표준이 될 만한 혁신적인 제품에 주력하기 위해 가격이 핵심인 칩 사업에서 손을 뗐기 때문이다.

현재 일본에서 생산되는 전자제품의 77%는 거의가 다른 회사 제품에 사용되는 부품 및 구성요소다. 하지만 애플의 아이팟이나 아이패드, 삼성의 안드로이드 스마트폰을 원가분류해 보면 부품 제조사가 아닌 제품 제조사가 돈을 번다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 일본 기업들은 애플, 인텔, 마이크로소프트를 상대로 경쟁해야 할 때에 삼성을 상대로 경쟁하고 있는 것이다.

오디오-비디오 시대에 계속해서 혁신적인 제품을 만들어 내던 일본 기업의 기술과 정신은 디지털 시대에 와서 무너졌다. PC로든, 스마트폰이나 소프트웨어로든, 일본 기업은 이제 더이상 선두주자가 아니다.

일부 원인은 일본 기업 구조의 속성에 있다. 노벨 경제학상 수상자이기도 한 심리학자 다니엘 카네만은 왜 어떤 기업들이 한물 간 프로그램을 계속 살려두기 위해 돈을 쓰고, 그 결과 새로운 프로그램에 쓸 돈이 부족한 상황을 초래하는지 설명한다. 그는 이런 기업을 돈을 잃으면서도 잃은 돈을 만회할 때까지 도박판을 떠나지 못하는 겜블러에 비유한다. 이런 기업의 사장은 자기가 자리를 옮길 때까지 손실이 드러나지 않도록 한다.

여기가 바로 미국과 일본의 기업구조 차이가 얼마나 큰 결과적 차이를 가져오는지가 갈리는 부분이다. 미국의 경우 신기술은 보통 구기술에 아무 금전적, 감정적 미련이 없는 신생기업들이 주도한다. TV나 중간규모 컴퓨터 시대를 이끌던 기업들은 이제 더이상 존재하지도 않는다. 현재 상위 21위 미국 전자회사 가운데 8곳은 1970년에는 존재하지도 않았으며 6곳은 10년전에는 포춘 500에 들기엔 규모가 너무 작은 회사였다.

반면 일본의 경우 반세기가 넘는 시간동안 상위권에 새로 진입한 신생기업은 하나도 없다. 신기술이 부상하면 파나소닉, 소니, 샤프, 후지쯔, NCE 같은 기업이 부서를 새로 만든다. 그리곤 과거와 미래 사이에 끼어 ‘창조적 파괴’를 지연시킨다.

자동차 같은 특정 업계에서는 일본식 접근법이 우세할 지 모르지만 디지털가전처럼 급속히 변화하는 분야에서는 통하지 않는 접근법이다. 도쿄에 있는 애플 스토어에 얼마나 많은 일본 젊은이들이 몰리는지 한번 보라. 반대로 소니 스토어에는 얼마나 적은지도 말이다.

What"s Killing Japanese Electronics?
The country"s once-mighty industry has the wrong corporate model for the future.

By RICHARD KATZ, The Wall Street Journal

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304724404577297102672086074.html


Hardly a day goes by without bad news for the Japanese electronics industry. With a few notable exceptions, such as Canon, the titans of the industry are projected to hemorrhage $17 billion in red ink in the current fiscal year. S&P has lowered its credit rating on Sony and Sharp to BBB+, just two notches above junk status.

Electronics executives are quick to blame the strong yen. But that is a self-serving excuse, not a reason. The recent high nominal value of the yen doesn"t explain why Sony lost money on TVs for the past eight years in a row - including when the yen was weak. Nor why the firms which gave us the transistor radio, the Walkman, the CD and the VCR seem to have run out of ideas.

The plunge in the past decade is nothing short of breathtaking. From 2000-10, Japan"s electronics production plummeted 41%, exports tumbled 27% and the sectoral trade surplus dove 68%. Counting only exports by high-income OECD countries (to avoid the impact of China and the like), Japan"s global market share of electronics goods and services exports almost halved to 10% in 2009 from 19% in 1996. In the same period, Germany"s share rose to 11% from 8% and Korea"s rose to 9.2% from 6%.

The immediate cause of the problem is bad product strategy. Japanese firms and the government failed to heed two big lessons taught by Harvard Professor Michael Porter. First, as countries mature, their sources of competitive advantage change. At one point, abundant skilled labor and cheap capital and price are keys to competitiveness. Later on, innovation in products and processes becomes pivotal. Secondly, strategy is not just about what products to offer, it"s also about what products not to offer.

Rejecting these lessons, Japanese firms tried to compete with newcomers like Samsung on the basis of cheap capital and manufacturing prowess instead of product innovation. They kept producing formerly world-beating products that now lose money year after year. Forty percent of Japan"s electronics output still consists of consumer audio-video products and semiconductors.

The first Sony Walkman went on sale in 1979. Moreover, when firms or products failed, Japan"s answer was mergers, sometimes aided by government money. The theory was that putting three losers together would turn them into one winner due to economies of scale. Elpida, Japan"s largest maker of DRAM chips before it filed for bankruptcy last month, was the epitome of this failed concept. It was formed out of the DRAM divisions of Hitachi, NEC and (later) Mitsubishi.

Failure to exit from the market for commoditized chips caused the Japanese market share among the world"s top 20 semiconductor producers to halve to 24% in 2010 from 55% in 1990. Japanese often blame Samsung, but the real news is that the U.S. share rose to 51% from 31% over the same period because firms like Intel and Texas Instruments abandoned commoditized products where price is key in order to concentrate on must-have products that set the standard.

Seventy-seven percent of Japan"s entire electronics output now consists of parts and components that often go into other firms" products. Yet a cost breakdown of Apple"s iPod or iPad or Samsung"s Android smartphone shows that the real money does not go to the parts producers but to the product inventors. Japanese firms are competing against Samsung when they should be competing against Apple, Intel and Microsoft.

Skills and mindsets that enabled Japan to create one revolutionary product after another in the audio-video era have failed in the digital era. Whether it"s PCs, smartphones or software, Japanese firms no longer lead the way.

Part of the reason lies in the nature of the corporate system in Japan. Daniel Kahneman, a psychologist who won the Nobel Prize in economics, explains why some firms spend money keeping bad programs on life support, leaving insufficient capital for new ones. Firms in all countries often act like losing gamblers, Mr. Kahneman argues, who won"t leave the table until they have made up their losses. And the executive in charge gets to delay the loss from showing up until he has moved on.

This is where the difference between American and Japanese corporate structures has big consequences. In the U.S., emerging technologies are usually championed by new firms that have no financial or emotional stake in the old technology. Most of the firms that led in the era of TVs or mid-range computers no longer even exist. Among the top 21 electronics manufacturers in the U.S. today, eight did not exist in 1970 and just a decade ago, six were too small to be in the Fortune 500.

By contrast, in Japan, there has been no new entrant into the top ranks of electronics manufacturing for more than half a century. When a new technology arises, firms like Panasonic, Sony, Sharp, Fujitsu or NEC create a new division. So the firm waffles between the past and the future, slowing creative destruction.

In certain industries, like autos, the Japanese approach may prove superior, but not in the rapidly changing world of digital electronics. Just take a look at how many young Japanese flock to the Apple stores in Tokyo and how few linger in the Sony stores.

Mr. Katz is editor of the semi-weekly Oriental Economist Alert.

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コメント ( 7 )
  • お久しぶりです(*"ー"*) キウイさんの2003年~2004年頃のスレやコメントを見つけました。 やはり優しい方なのだと思いました^^

    14年前

  • Lv 3

    w

    14年前

  • 2003‾2004年にもしていましたか? かなり長くしましたよねエンジョイジャパンなら私は 6‾7ヶ月活動で閉鎖にあいました

    14年前

  • gossip_girl おはよう。オイラもキウイの過去のスレやコメントを見たいな〜w

    14年前

  • イマルさん、こんにちは(^∇^) ここにurl貼るとキウイさんが嫌がるかも。彼女が不快に思う事はしたくないのです。

    14年前

  • ゼフィにアカウントお持ちですか? お持ちでしたらそちらにメッセージ送ります。

    14年前

  • gossip_girl 了解しました。また、機会があれば教えてください(^-^)/

    14年前

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